Commande dynamique de robots déformables basée sur un modèle numérique

This work focuses on modeling and control of soft robots. It covers the entire development of the controller, from the modeling step to the practical experimental validation.From a theoretical point a view, large-scale dynamical systems along with model reduction algorithms are studied. In addition to the theoretical studies, different experimental setups are used to illustrate the results. A cable-driven soft robot and a pressurized soft arm are used to test the control algorithms. Through these different setups, we show that the method can handle different types of actuation, different geometries and mechanical properties. This emphasizes one of the interests of the method, its genericity.Cette thèse s'intéresse à la modélisation et à la commande de robots déformables (robots dont le mouvement se fait par déformation). Nous nous intéressons à la conception de lois de contrôle en boucle fermée répondant aux besoins spécifiques du contrôle dynamique de ces robots, sans restrictions fortes sur leur géométrie. La résolution de ce défi soulève des questions théoriques qui nous amènent au deuxième objectif de cette thèse: développer de nouvelles stratégies pour étudier les systèmes de grandes dimensions

Reduced Order Control of Soft Robots with Guaranteed Stability

International audienceThis work offers the ability to design a closed-loop strategy to control the dynamics of soft robots. A numericalmodel of a robot is obtained using the Finite Element Method,which leads to work with large-scale systems that are difficult tocontrol. The main contribution is a reduced order model-basedcontrol law, that consists in two main features: a reduced statefeedback tunes the performance while a Lyapunov functionguarantees the stability of the large-scale closed-loop systems.The method is generic and usable for any soft robot, as long asa FEM model is obtained. Simulation results show that we cancontrol and reduce the settling time of the soft robot and makeit converge faster without oscillations to a desired position

LPV Framework for Non-Linear Dynamic Control of Soft Robots using Finite Element Model

International audienceThis work presents a methodology to control soft robots using a reduced order nonlinear finite element model. The Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) framework is used both to model the robot along a prescribed trajectory and to design its control law. Model reduction algorithms along with radial basis functions network are used to identify the nonlinear behavior of the robot. Finally, the method is validated through simulation experiments

Trajectory Tracking Control Design for Large-Scale Linear Dynamical Systems With Applications to Soft Robotics

International audienceThis article presents new results to control process modeled through linear large-scale systems. Numerical methods are widely used to model physical systems, and the finite-element method is one of the most common methods. However, for this method to be precise, it requires a precise spatial mesh of the process. Large-scale dynamical systems arise from this spatial discretization. We propose a methodology to design an observer-based output feedback controller. First, a model reduction step is used to get a system of acceptable dimension. Based on this low-order system, two linear matrix inequality problems provide us, respectively, with the observer and controller gains. In both the cases, model and reduction errors are taken into account in the computations. This provides robustness with respect to the reduction step and guarantees the stability of the original large-scale system. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a physical setup-a soft robotics platform-to show its feasibility

Control Design for Soft Robots based on Reduced Order Model

International audienceInspired by nature, soft robots promise disruptive advances in robotics. Soft robots are naturally compliant and exhibit nonlinear behavior, which makes their study challenging. No unified framework exists to control these robots, especially when considering their dynamics. This work proposes a methodology to study this type of robots around a stable equilibrium point. It can make the robot converge faster and with reduced oscillations to a desired equilibrium state. Using computational mechanics, a large-scale dynamic model of the robot is obtained and model reduction algorithms enable the design of low order controller and observer. A real robot is used to demonstrate the interest of the results

Controllability pre-verification of silicone soft robots based on finite-element method

International audienceSoft robot is an emergent research field which has variant promising applications. However, the design of soft robots nowadays still follows the trial-and-error process, which is not at all efficient. This paper proposes to design soft robots by pre-checking controllability during the numerical design phase. Finite-element method is used to model the dynamics of silicone soft robots, based on which the differential geometric method is applied to analyze the controllability of the points of interest. Such a verification is also investigated via model order reduction technique and Galerkin projection. The proposed methodology is finally validated by numerically designing a controllable parallel soft robot

Dynamic Control of Soft Robots

International audienceSoft robots present several advantages. However, one of the main challenges of this new field of robotics is to control these robots. The methods used to control rigid robots are not directly relevant and new approaches have to be invented or updated to be applied to this kind of robots. This paper introduces control solutions for soft robots studies taking into account dynamics of the system

Dynamically Closed-Loop Controlled Soft Robotic Arm using a Reduced Order Finite Element Model with State Observer

International audienceThis paper presents a computationally efficient method to model and simulate soft robots. Finite element methods enable us to simulate and control soft robots, but require us to work with a large dimensional system. This limits their use in real-time simulation and makes those methods less suitable for control design tools. Using model order reduction, it is possible to create a reduced order system for building controllers and observers. Model reduction errors are taken into account in the design of the low-order feedback, and it is then applied to the large dimensional, unreduced model. The control architecture is based on a linearized model of the robot and enables the control of the robot around this equilibrium point. To show the performance of this control method, pose-to-pose and trajectory tracking experiments are conducted on a pneumatically actuated soft arm. The soft arm has 12 independent interior cavities that can be pressurized and cause the arm to move in three dimensions. The arm is made of a rubber material and is casted through a lost-wax fabrication technique

Software toolkit for modeling, simulation and control of soft robots

International audienceThe technological differences between traditional robotics and soft robotics have an impact on all of the modeling tools generally in use, including direct kinematics and inverse models, Jacobians, and dynamics. Due to the lack of precise modeling and control methods for soft robots, the promising concepts of using such design for complex applications (medicine, assistance, domestic robotics...) cannot be practically implemented. This paper presents a first unified software framework dedicated to modeling, simulation and control of soft robots. The framework relies on continuum mechanics for modeling the robotic parts and boundary conditions like actuators or contacts using a unified representation based on Lagrange multipliers. It enables the digital robot to be simulated in its environment using a direct model. The model can also be inverted online using an optimization-based method which allows to control the physical robots in the task space. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, we present various soft robots scenarios including ones where the robot is interacting with its environment. The software has been built on top of SOFA, an open-source framework for deformable online simulation and is available at https://project.inria.fr/softrobot

Model-based dynamic control of soft robots

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la modélisation et à la commande de robots déformables, c’est à dire de robots dont le mouvement se fait par déformation. Nous nous intéressons à la conception de lois de contrôle en boucle fermée répondant aux besoins spécifiques du contrôle dynamique de robots déformables, sans restrictions fortes sur leur géométrie. La résolution de ce défi soulève des questions théoriques qui nous amènent au deuxième objectif de cette thèse: développer de nouvelles stratégies pour étudier les systèmes de grandes dimensions. Ce manuscrit couvre l’ensemble du développement des lois de commandes, de l’étape de modélisation à la validation expérimentale. Outre les études théoriques, différentes plateformes expérimentales sont utilisées pour valider les résultats. Des robots déformables actionnés par câble et par pression sont utilisés pour tester les algorithmes de contrôle. A travers ces différentes plateformes, nous montrons que la méthode peut gérer différents types d’actionnement, différentes géométries et propriétés mécaniques. Cela souligne l’un des intérêts de la méthode, sa généricité. D’un point de vue théorique, les systèmes dynamiques à grande dimensions ainsi que les algorithmes de réduction de modèle sont étudiés. En effet, modéliser des structures déformables implique de résoudre des équations issues de la mécanique des milieux continus, qui sont résolues à l’aide de la méthode des éléments finis (FEM). Ceci fournit un modèle précis des robots mais nécessite de discrétiser la structure en un maillage composé de milliers d’éléments, donnant lieu à des systèmes dynamiques de grandes dimensions. Cela conduit à travailler avec des modèles de grandes dimensions, qui ne conviennent pas à la conception d’algorithmes de contrôle. Une première partie est consacrée à l’étude du modèle dynamique à grande dimension et de son contrôle, sans recourir à la réduction de modèle. Nous présentons un moyen de contrôler le système à grande dimension en utilisant la connaissance d’une fonction de Lyapunov en boucle ouverte. Ensuite, nous présentons des algorithmes de réduction de modèle afin de concevoir des contrôleurs de dimension réduite et des observateurs capables de piloter ces robots déformables. Les lois de contrôle validées sont basées sur des modèles linéaires, il s’agit d’une limitation connue de ce travail car elle contraint l’espace de travail du robot. Ce manuscrit se termine par une discussion qui offre un moyen d’étendre les résultats aux modèles non linéaires. L’idée est de linéariser le modèle non linéaire à grande échelle autour de plusieurs points de fonctionnement et d’interpoler ces points pour couvrir un espace de travail plus large.This thesis focuses on the design of closed-loop control laws for the specific needs of dynamic control of soft robots, without being too restrictive regarding the robots geometry. It covers the entire development of the controller, from the modeling step to the practical experimental validation. In addition to the theoretical studies, different experimental setups are used to illustrate the results. A cable-driven soft robot and a pressurized soft arm are used to test the control algorithms. Through these different setups, we show that the method can handle different types of actuation, different geometries and mechanical properties. This emphasizes one of the interests of the method, its genericity. From a theoretical point a view, large-scale dynamical systems along with model reduction algorithms are studied. Indeed, modeling soft structures implies solving equations coming from continuum mechanics using the Finite Element Method (FEM). This provides an accurate model of the robots but it requires to discretize the structure into a mesh composed of thousands of elements, yielding to large-scale dynamical systems. This leads to work with models of large dimensions, that are not suitable to design control algorithms. A first part is dedicated to the study of the large-scale dynamic model and its control, without using model reduction. We present a way to control the large-scale system using the knowledge of an open-loop Lyapunov function. Then, this work investigates model reduction algorithms to design low order controllers and observers to drive soft robots. The validated control laws are based on linear models. This is a known limitation of this work as it constrains the guaranteed domain of the controller. This manuscript ends with a discussion that offers a way to extend the results towards nonlinear models. The idea is to linearize the large-scale nonlinear model around several operating points and interpolate between these points to cover a wider workspace